1
00:00:37,760 --> 00:00:41,275
I beg you,
if anything happens to me,

2
00:00:41,360 --> 00:00:45,194
I beg you to show this tape
to the whole world

3
00:00:45,280 --> 00:00:47,874
and say that these people
may very well

4
00:00:47,960 --> 00:00:53,114
have committed contract killings
inside Russia and abroad.

5
00:03:12,880 --> 00:03:15,235
<i>The damning press conference...</i>

6
00:03:15,320 --> 00:03:16,639
<i>Alexander Litvinenko...</i>

7
00:03:16,720 --> 00:03:19,553
<i>The FSB is a money-making tool.</i>

8
00:03:19,640 --> 00:03:24,191
<i>A new twist in the story</i>
<i>of Alexander Litvinenko...</i>

9
00:03:47,440 --> 00:03:51,718
The origin of these terrorist acts lies

10
00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:54,109
with Chechen bandits.

11
00:04:21,560 --> 00:04:27,351
<i>Today, on the last day of the century,</i>

12
00:04:27,440 --> 00:04:30,796
<i>I am stepping down.</i>

13
00:04:30,880 --> 00:04:38,468
<i>I think I have completed</i>
<i>the greatest task of my life.</i>

14
00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:42,189
<i>Russia will never</i>

15
00:04:42,280 --> 00:04:45,909
<i>go back to the past.</i>

16
00:04:48,920 --> 00:04:55,234
<i>I would like to say to every one of you,</i>
<i>be happy!</i>

17
00:04:55,320 --> 00:04:59,233
<i>You deserve happiness</i>

18
00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:01,197
<i>and peace.</i>

19
00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:03,956
<i>Happy New Year!</i>

20
00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:09,715
<i>Happy New Century, my dear people.</i>

21
00:05:38,120 --> 00:05:39,792
<i>... fighting for peace,</i>

22
00:05:39,880 --> 00:05:41,871
<i>for the unity of Russia.</i>

23
00:05:41,960 --> 00:05:47,512
<i>Shall we deny that we have losses?</i>

24
00:05:47,600 --> 00:05:50,990
<i>Because Russia's enemies</i>
<i>are talking about our heavy losses.</i>

25
00:05:51,080 --> 00:05:53,799
<i>Should we not admit</i>

26
00:05:53,880 --> 00:05:56,394
<i>our soldiers get killed?</i>

27
00:05:56,480 --> 00:05:59,677
<i>But call them what they are - heroes?</i>

28
00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:35,751
<i>All killed - my brothers and sisters.</i>

29
00:06:48,800 --> 00:06:52,839
So how did this short film make you feel?

30
00:06:53,160 --> 00:06:54,354
You, sir?

31
00:06:54,440 --> 00:06:59,150
Alexei Shcherbakov, political scientist.
The film is one-sided.

32
00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:02,835
These children become terrorists
who cut people's heads off.

33
00:07:02,920 --> 00:07:04,148
A man asks,

34
00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:08,074
"Are these children that you kill,
Putin, really terrorists?"

35
00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:10,469
Yes. They are future terrorists!

36
00:07:10,560 --> 00:07:14,473
So are we to kill all of them,

37
00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:17,678
because they may become terrorists?

38
00:07:27,600 --> 00:07:31,275
Here is Andrei Nekrasov,
the director of the film you just saw.

39
00:07:31,440 --> 00:07:36,355
Sometimes we call this conflict war,
sometimes an anti-terrorist operation.

40
00:07:36,440 --> 00:07:38,431
It's not the same thing.

41
00:07:38,520 --> 00:07:43,833
We call it war to justify civilian deaths.

42
00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:46,309
But it's often more convenient

43
00:07:46,400 --> 00:07:51,679
for our leaders to call it
an anti-terrorist operation.

44
00:07:51,760 --> 00:07:55,878
Nowhere else on earth are there
any such anti-terrorist operations.

45
00:07:55,960 --> 00:07:58,679
I don't want to compare us
to the West all the time,

46
00:07:58,760 --> 00:08:00,352
a civilised society, et cetera.

47
00:08:00,440 --> 00:08:03,034
It's a question of morals.

48
00:08:03,880 --> 00:08:07,589
The state has no right to confuse
security with revenge.

49
00:08:07,680 --> 00:08:11,116
If the state puts itself
on the same level as terrorists,

50
00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:13,714
the state becomes terrorist.

51
00:08:36,600 --> 00:08:40,639
We've all grown up
in disgust and fear of war.

52
00:08:40,720 --> 00:08:46,397
I was born
15 years after World War II ended.

53
00:08:47,040 --> 00:08:50,635
Our mothers and grandmothers said,
"Never let war happen again!"

54
00:08:50,720 --> 00:08:55,589
In 1975 we were scared of nuclear
attacks from the United States.

55
00:08:55,680 --> 00:08:59,275
We wept watching scenes

56
00:08:59,360 --> 00:09:03,831
in World War II films of Russian soldiers
being tortured by Germans.

57
00:09:03,920 --> 00:09:08,391
We are heartbroken when we see
a child with a leg blown off.

58
00:09:08,480 --> 00:09:11,358
But there is another side.

59
00:09:11,440 --> 00:09:15,638
Maybe if it wasn't for the bombings
of the apartment blocks

60
00:09:15,720 --> 00:09:18,951
our attitude to this war
would have been different.

61
00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:24,075
How can we explain the bombings
in Moscow? Who did it?

62
00:09:24,160 --> 00:09:26,116
Yes, who did it?

63
00:10:44,800 --> 00:10:47,394
...connected to Litvinenko.

64
00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:49,869
Thank you. Goodbye.

65
00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:17,591
Right after the tragedy of 9/11
we, the Chechen government,

66
00:11:17,680 --> 00:11:21,309
proposed vigorous help
in investigating that crime...

67
00:11:28,840 --> 00:11:34,870
What I am familiar with is totally
confirmed by the documents,

68
00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:40,478
and also, what is most important,
by Litvinenko's personal experience.

69
00:11:40,560 --> 00:11:41,993
Thank you.

70
00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:54,314
Will your assistant give me the number?

71
00:11:54,400 --> 00:11:56,197
I'll give it to you.

72
00:12:17,560 --> 00:12:20,393
Everybody's talking about the FSB,

73
00:12:20,480 --> 00:12:22,869
but only few understand

74
00:12:22,960 --> 00:12:27,829
what this mysterious organisation
is all about.

75
00:12:27,920 --> 00:12:32,072
In our country,
the special services are in fact

76
00:12:32,160 --> 00:12:34,355
a secret political organisation,

77
00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:38,672
that uses sharp methods,

78
00:12:39,560 --> 00:12:45,032
secret methods
not against spies and terrorists,

79
00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:50,274
but solely to keep a ruling class in power.

80
00:12:50,360 --> 00:12:52,828
In 1999, for example,

81
00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:58,790
to seize power,
the FSB used secret methods

82
00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:05,319
that are only allowed
against terrorists and spies.

83
00:13:06,280 --> 00:13:10,751
If the army were to seize power,
they'd roll in with tanks and guns

84
00:13:10,840 --> 00:13:14,389
and fly in with jets, maybe.

85
00:13:14,480 --> 00:13:16,710
But everyone would notice!

86
00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:20,190
The FSB, on the other hand,
has secret methods,

87
00:13:20,280 --> 00:13:24,319
and nobody noticed anything until
chekists made up the government

88
00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:27,073
and seized every organ of power.

89
00:13:27,160 --> 00:13:30,994
If the KGB was the armed unit
of the Communist Party,

90
00:13:31,080 --> 00:13:34,834
then the FSB is the armed unit of...

91
00:13:35,880 --> 00:13:41,796
of a caste of corrupt Russian officials.

92
00:13:57,200 --> 00:14:01,557
These criminals,
who sold out to the enemy,

93
00:14:01,640 --> 00:14:07,033
the traitors and spies
who sold our country to the enemy,

94
00:14:07,120 --> 00:14:10,351
shall be shot as mad dogs.

95
00:14:46,960 --> 00:14:51,556
What is it, how and why?
Boys, ask your fathers, ask.

96
00:14:52,160 --> 00:14:56,312
Here one learns to be brave, resourceful,

97
00:14:56,400 --> 00:14:58,197
loyal to one's duty.

98
00:16:05,760 --> 00:16:08,035
This is a serious matter.

99
00:16:08,120 --> 00:16:14,036
Not all of you will graduate...

100
00:16:51,440 --> 00:16:55,718
Putin, before entering a university,

101
00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:58,598
offered his services to the KGB.

102
00:16:58,680 --> 00:17:01,114
And his services were made use of.

103
00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:04,033
That means, during his student years

104
00:17:04,120 --> 00:17:07,271
Putin had to inform on his friends.

105
00:17:07,360 --> 00:17:08,679
As a university student

106
00:17:08,760 --> 00:17:13,914
who had volunteered for the KGB,
Putin would be trained

107
00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:20,189
for at least a year by the officers
of the Fifth Department of the KGB.

108
00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:22,510
They were only interested in one thing,

109
00:17:22,600 --> 00:17:25,114
the fight against the enemy's ideology.

110
00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:29,079
The fight against intellectual dissent.

111
00:17:29,160 --> 00:17:32,197
So Putin's task would be
to single out students

112
00:17:32,280 --> 00:17:34,919
who criticised the Party,

113
00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:38,549
Soviet Leaders, who told political jokes.

114
00:17:38,640 --> 00:17:41,154
He'd inform about it in writing.

115
00:17:54,120 --> 00:17:58,750
Putin claims the KGB
taught him to love the motherland,

116
00:17:58,840 --> 00:18:04,119
well, he learnt to love the motherland
while he was squealing on his pals.

117
00:18:06,440 --> 00:18:08,908
Glory

118
00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:12,549
Soviet students!

119
00:18:16,640 --> 00:18:20,838
Glory to Soviet Youth!

120
00:18:39,640 --> 00:18:42,757
It was right here

121
00:18:42,920 --> 00:18:46,595
that members of the People's Will
were kept.

122
00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:49,911
They were locked up in these cells.

123
00:18:58,040 --> 00:19:01,396
There has always been fear, sure.

124
00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:06,556
You think being a dissident wasn't scary?

125
00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:09,996
It was. I was once hit on the jaw with a foot.

126
00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:25,277
How was it possible to have such a law?

127
00:19:25,360 --> 00:19:28,716
Anti-Soviet propaganda!

128
00:19:28,800 --> 00:19:32,759
You say the truth and are arrested for it.

129
00:19:34,080 --> 00:19:40,189
But today you can't really criticise
the government either, can you?

130
00:19:41,880 --> 00:19:43,916
I was interrogated every day.

131
00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:45,911
For three months.

132
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:49,879
You know who Cherkesov is, don't you?

133
00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:56,035
He would come in while I was being
interrogated by another officer.

134
00:19:56,120 --> 00:19:58,634
He'd ask who I was and so on.

135
00:19:58,720 --> 00:20:03,032
When, at the beginning of the '90s,
a friend told me

136
00:20:03,120 --> 00:20:05,953
that Cherkesov was getting into the Duma,

137
00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:09,594
I said I didn't know any Cherkesov.

138
00:20:09,680 --> 00:20:13,275
But when I saw him on television,

139
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:17,589
I remembered everything.

140
00:20:18,640 --> 00:20:21,518
Forgive me, but in the camps
we called such people arse-lickers.

141
00:20:25,560 --> 00:20:28,950
I ask you, why did they have to torture us?

142
00:20:35,440 --> 00:20:38,955
<i>Proof of guilt...</i>
<i>poems by Anna Akhmatova</i>

143
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:50,351
Liteyny Ave, 4, "The Big House"

144
00:20:59,560 --> 00:21:02,916
The KGB may not be preserved!

145
00:21:05,880 --> 00:21:08,553
CHERKESOV IS THE SHAME
OF ST PETERSBURG

146
00:21:08,640 --> 00:21:10,232
OPEN THE KGB ARCHIVES!

147
00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:15,599
Now Mr Cherkesov admits,
"Yes, we persecuted dissidents.

148
00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:20,800
"But such were the laws then."
And he says he acted legally.

149
00:21:20,880 --> 00:21:25,795
In his own way he is right. He acted
legitimately in an illegitimate state.

150
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:31,668
DOWN WITH THE JUNTA!

151
00:21:32,440 --> 00:21:36,194
Then we moved to a new stage.
The state became legitimate,

152
00:21:36,280 --> 00:21:38,236
we got free elections,

153
00:21:39,120 --> 00:21:41,111
a democracy appeared.

154
00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:46,513
The special services were now
illegitimate in a legitimate state.

155
00:21:46,600 --> 00:21:52,277
But for the special services
to continue operating with impunity,

156
00:21:52,360 --> 00:21:58,151
they needed to make the state
illegitimate again.

157
00:21:58,240 --> 00:22:01,949
But how can you make
a democratic state illegitimate?

158
00:22:02,040 --> 00:22:06,318
You must provoke it
into a political trap. War!

159
00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:12,751
The invasion of Chechnya was on the cards.

160
00:22:12,840 --> 00:22:17,072
A tank corps was formed
out of the Cantemir division

161
00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:19,071
and sent to Grozny.

162
00:22:19,160 --> 00:22:21,993
Remember, in 1994, no one understood why

163
00:22:22,080 --> 00:22:25,789
this column of tanks
just stood there in Grozny.

164
00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:31,159
Until they were attacked and burnt down.

165
00:22:43,280 --> 00:22:46,158
Yeltsin was presented
with a devastating picture.

166
00:22:46,240 --> 00:22:48,435
Look, the Chechens attacked us!

167
00:22:49,520 --> 00:22:51,954
Some Duma members decided

168
00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:57,353
to go and speak to the Chechen
leader Dudayev to avert the war.

169
00:22:57,440 --> 00:23:02,673
And right at this moment, in 1994,
explosions were heard in Moscow,

170
00:23:02,760 --> 00:23:07,914
introduced by the warnings
that Chechen rebels

171
00:23:08,000 --> 00:23:10,389
were on their way to Moscow.

172
00:23:10,480 --> 00:23:14,155
They started by massaging public opinion,
the explosions followed.

173
00:23:14,240 --> 00:23:18,836
The first blast was at the bridge
over the Yauza River.

174
00:23:18,920 --> 00:23:21,434
Captain Shelenkov
was killed by his bomb.

175
00:23:21,520 --> 00:23:24,273
Explosions at the railroad followed.

176
00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:28,517
<i>Specialists think terrorists</i>
<i>wanted to test public opinion.</i>

177
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:32,559
<i>At the site of the explosion,</i>
<i>a mangled body was found</i>

178
00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:37,270
<i>that was identified as Russian Army</i>
<i>Captain Andrei Shelenkov.</i>

179
00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:40,799
Then there was
the explosion on a bus.

180
00:23:40,880 --> 00:23:47,149
In that case they arrested and
charged the army officer Vorobyov.

181
00:23:48,040 --> 00:23:53,114
Both these Russians,
Shelenkov and Vorobyov,

182
00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:55,839
were FSB agents.

183
00:23:55,920 --> 00:24:00,789
Those terrorist bombings
were perpetrated by the FSB.

184
00:24:02,520 --> 00:24:04,909
Don't let the war in here, please!

185
00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:07,594
Yeltsin be cursed!

186
00:24:07,680 --> 00:24:10,752
He'll spill the blood of our children!

187
00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:13,308
We thought he'd give us freedom!

188
00:24:21,240 --> 00:24:23,879
When Yeltsin started the Chechen war,

189
00:24:23,960 --> 00:24:28,636
he stopped being a democratic leader
and became illegitimate.

190
00:24:28,720 --> 00:24:31,757
BORIS, THE BLOOD OF OUR SONS
IS FLOWING.

191
00:24:31,840 --> 00:24:33,831
YOU SHALL NOT BE FORGIVEN!

192
00:24:39,480 --> 00:24:42,916
New Year was at our door
and merry music all around

193
00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:45,070
When Chechnya found itself at war

194
00:24:45,160 --> 00:24:47,674
And bombs were falling on the ground

195
00:24:47,760 --> 00:24:49,671
Why should we pay for stupid blunders

196
00:24:49,760 --> 00:24:52,957
With the lives of our sons?

197
00:24:53,040 --> 00:24:54,871
War was long away from our homeland.

198
00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:57,474
"Why is it back?" one wonders

199
00:24:57,560 --> 00:24:59,516
We lived as brethren, not as foes

200
00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:02,194
Chechnya was close to our hearts

201
00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:06,671
God Almighty, why is all in tatters?
And who can help us understand?

202
00:25:06,760 --> 00:25:10,719
Where are we heading?
Who is after our boys?

203
00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:14,349
We dote on them, raise them,
only for them to be slain?

204
00:25:15,120 --> 00:25:19,398
Don't you dare come near our sons
and send them to kill others!

205
00:25:19,480 --> 00:25:24,395
For our tears, for their blood,
you shall never be forgiven!

206
00:25:31,560 --> 00:25:34,028
The army is using forbidden means.

207
00:25:34,760 --> 00:25:37,911
A tragic example is Pervomayskoye.

208
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:44,109
It was shelled with tanks and jets.
Every third house was wiped out.

209
00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:46,839
Who gave you the right
to shell peaceful villages

210
00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:49,514
from helicopters and tanks?

211
00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:53,275
I fought in Chechnya, yes.

212
00:25:53,360 --> 00:25:58,070
But when I interrogated a Chechen
prisoner of war in Pervomayskoye,

213
00:25:58,160 --> 00:26:01,835
he was only 17 years old,

214
00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:04,832
a very young guy, but very clever.

215
00:26:04,920 --> 00:26:06,592
An intelligent chap.

216
00:26:06,680 --> 00:26:11,800
I asked him, "Why did you go
and fight against us?"

217
00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:17,588
Do you know
what this 17-year-old boy answered?

218
00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:21,070
He said, "I hate this war."

219
00:26:21,160 --> 00:26:22,798
"So why did you fight?"

220
00:26:22,880 --> 00:26:27,795
"Because our whole school class
went to fight."

221
00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:32,476
He said that and I was reminded
of all those films about World War II

222
00:26:32,560 --> 00:26:38,112
when whole school classes stood up
and went to defend our country.

223
00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:40,395
In the same way, the Chechen children

224
00:26:40,480 --> 00:26:44,792
go to the front with their school classes
in Chechnya.

225
00:26:44,880 --> 00:26:48,555
Now tell me,
do we have a chance in Chechnya?

226
00:28:20,240 --> 00:28:24,631
The truth was, it was war.
Moscow was engrossed in an invisible war.

227
00:28:26,440 --> 00:28:29,830
<i>Alexander Litvinenko,</i>
<i>then an officer at the 7th Directorate</i>

228
00:28:29,920 --> 00:28:32,036
<i>of the Federal Security Service...</i>

229
00:28:43,720 --> 00:28:50,637
I worked with him
on the Podolsk organised crime gang.

230
00:28:50,720 --> 00:28:54,474
After 1996,

231
00:28:55,640 --> 00:28:57,949
he was transferred away
from my sub-division

232
00:28:58,040 --> 00:29:03,398
and made responsible
for a separate project.

233
00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:09,832
And he was also dealing with
the Podolsk gang, the Georgian gang.

234
00:29:10,880 --> 00:29:15,317
At the time we had 34 criminal
organisations in Moscow alone.

235
00:29:15,400 --> 00:29:17,277
What always struck me

236
00:29:17,360 --> 00:29:21,035
was the amount of people
streaming into our jails.

237
00:29:21,840 --> 00:29:26,436
It's simply not normal
that we have so many criminals.

238
00:29:27,520 --> 00:29:29,238
It's a country of criminals.

239
00:29:29,320 --> 00:29:31,675
Almost 50 percent

240
00:29:31,760 --> 00:29:35,992
of the entire adult population
has served time in prison.

241
00:29:43,440 --> 00:29:45,271
That opened my eyes.

242
00:29:45,360 --> 00:29:48,750
I stopped looking up at every general,
at every senior officer,

243
00:29:48,840 --> 00:29:50,717
and saw them no longer as gods.

244
00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:55,749
I realised that it's not the best people
who make a career and go up the ladder.

245
00:29:55,840 --> 00:29:58,434
I saw too many mediocre people go up.

246
00:29:58,520 --> 00:30:03,833
I remember one case very well.

247
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:09,310
Thanks to his professional skills,

248
00:30:10,920 --> 00:30:14,276
we could solve a crime very quickly.

249
00:30:15,320 --> 00:30:18,756
Some criminal had attacked

250
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:23,031
a colleague of ours and made off with a gun.

251
00:30:24,080 --> 00:30:29,108
We caught him within three days.
Litvinenko had been

252
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:32,988
in charge of this successful investigation.

253
00:30:33,080 --> 00:30:36,595
- He solved it?
- Yes. He did.

254
00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:40,598
Imagine what it takes,
to find someone in Moscow!

255
00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:44,719
He worked selflessly,

256
00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:47,075
as one used to say in the old days.

257
00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:52,274
As a cop,

258
00:30:55,040 --> 00:30:57,270
with his professionalism...

259
00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:01,710
He had a determination to fight...

260
00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:04,552
How shall I say?

261
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:10,551
A determination to fight the bad.

262
00:31:11,760 --> 00:31:15,639
He could stay awake for two or three days.

263
00:31:18,520 --> 00:31:22,354
You call someone like that a workhorse.

264
00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:24,958
We were friends.

265
00:31:25,040 --> 00:31:28,191
I was at his wedding.

266
00:31:29,240 --> 00:31:31,196
To Marina.

267
00:31:33,280 --> 00:31:36,317
Sasha never made enemies from the start.

268
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:39,551
He was a very open person.

269
00:31:40,600 --> 00:31:46,038
Most people noticed this,
but not everyone appreciated it.

270
00:31:46,120 --> 00:31:51,319
Some people
even tried to abuse his openness.

271
00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:55,790
When Sasha noticed this,
he changed completely.

272
00:31:55,880 --> 00:32:01,000
He'd withdraw into himself.

273
00:32:01,080 --> 00:32:05,198
He'd become totally uncompromising.

274
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:12,230
And people who expected to use him
would hit a concrete wall,

275
00:32:13,280 --> 00:32:17,239
instead of the friendly guy they'd first met.

276
00:32:17,320 --> 00:32:18,719
"How can that be?

277
00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:22,759
"Just a minute ago he seemed
so docile and easy to manipulate."

278
00:32:22,840 --> 00:32:26,515
But they got quite the opposite
of what they expected.

279
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:31,628
And that infuriated them,
and they'd start to hate him.

280
00:32:31,720 --> 00:32:36,589
And from that moment on they would
start calling him "enemy".

281
00:32:56,440 --> 00:33:02,310
Right, today's the 20th of April,
Monday. It's night time.

282
00:33:03,320 --> 00:33:04,594
1:20 am.

283
00:33:05,520 --> 00:33:08,557
The first assignment I received
in the department was to find a guy

284
00:33:08,640 --> 00:33:13,634
who had worked in the force before,
a lieutenant colonel

285
00:33:13,720 --> 00:33:17,633
with the funny name of Trepashkin.

286
00:33:17,720 --> 00:33:20,075
I was to catch him,

287
00:33:20,160 --> 00:33:25,393
because he had sued
the director of the FSB.

288
00:33:25,480 --> 00:33:28,756
I had to make him shut up.

289
00:33:28,840 --> 00:33:32,879
I was to apply physical pressure.
That means, beat him up,

290
00:33:32,960 --> 00:33:37,715
plant an illegal gun
or grenade or something,

291
00:33:37,800 --> 00:33:41,076
report him to the police...

292
00:33:41,200 --> 00:33:45,637
And have them find weapons...

293
00:33:45,720 --> 00:33:51,636
Or maybe just liquidate him altogether.

294
00:34:06,360 --> 00:34:08,430
<i>(Putin on radio) The dictatorship of the law</i>

295
00:34:08,520 --> 00:34:12,308
<i>is the only type of dictatorship</i>
<i>we shall surrender to.</i>

296
00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:17,793
My first conflict in the 90s was
with today's FSB director Patrushev.

297
00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:21,077
I rounded up a gang that laundered money,

298
00:34:21,160 --> 00:34:24,755
murdered people, consisted of war lords.

299
00:34:24,840 --> 00:34:29,516
At some point
I had finally managed to get them,

300
00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:32,592
but then the problems really started.

301
00:34:32,680 --> 00:34:35,752
There was that classic chain of protection

302
00:34:35,840 --> 00:34:38,559
that gangsters always have

303
00:34:38,640 --> 00:34:42,394
whether in the FSB,

304
00:34:42,480 --> 00:34:48,635
the military intelligence, or in the police.

305
00:34:48,720 --> 00:34:51,359
I was told to drop the case.

306
00:34:51,440 --> 00:34:55,319
I said, "Why? These are criminals,
we have to indict them.

307
00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:57,311
"I won't drop it!"

308
00:34:58,080 --> 00:35:01,516
Trepashkin knew something and they
were afraid he'd reveal it in court.

309
00:35:01,600 --> 00:35:06,674
That was the first assignment
in the new department

310
00:35:06,760 --> 00:35:08,910
that I found really suspicious.

311
00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:12,675
We ended up avoiding it,
and never completed it.

312
00:35:13,640 --> 00:35:17,394
At the concluding session of 1997...

313
00:35:17,480 --> 00:35:19,436
At the very end of 1997...

314
00:35:19,520 --> 00:35:23,752
My boss Kamyshnikov came to me
and said, "You must kill Berezovsky."

315
00:35:28,440 --> 00:35:30,795
I found out that earlier,

316
00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:36,000
Kamyshnikov had been
investigating some terrorists.

317
00:35:36,080 --> 00:35:39,959
But he had contacted them
and tipped them off

318
00:35:40,040 --> 00:35:45,672
that the FSB was investigating them
and was hot on their trail.

319
00:35:45,760 --> 00:35:48,638
There were documents...

320
00:35:48,720 --> 00:35:51,837
You mean Kamyshnikov
leaked secret information...

321
00:35:51,920 --> 00:35:53,399
To terrorists!

322
00:35:53,480 --> 00:35:55,311
He committed betrayal.

323
00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:58,676
So the man connected to terrorists

324
00:35:58,760 --> 00:36:01,797
tells me to kill Berezovsky!

325
00:36:09,920 --> 00:36:15,916
So a certain hypothesis
can be put forward...

326
00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:20,152
The better the opportunities

327
00:36:20,240 --> 00:36:26,076
a political system
offers its members, the citizens,

328
00:36:26,880 --> 00:36:31,715
the more efficient such a system is.

329
00:36:32,640 --> 00:36:34,437
But...

330
00:36:34,520 --> 00:36:40,117
the citizens must accept,
voluntarily, certain limitations of free will.

331
00:36:40,200 --> 00:36:44,193
A transition from a totalitarian system

332
00:36:45,760 --> 00:36:47,876
to a liberal one

333
00:36:47,960 --> 00:36:51,953
can only take place
when enough of its citizens

334
00:36:52,040 --> 00:36:58,275
learn to accept certain
inner limitations of free will.

335
00:36:58,360 --> 00:37:02,353
Perhaps the transition from
external limitations to inner ones.

336
00:37:02,440 --> 00:37:03,998
Exactly!

337
00:37:04,080 --> 00:37:07,914
Inefficient systems force external limitations.

338
00:37:24,560 --> 00:37:29,554
(Officer Ponkin) He said,
"If it was required to, erm, whack..."

339
00:37:30,520 --> 00:37:32,192
"To kill," he said.

340
00:37:32,280 --> 00:37:34,032
Yes, to kill.

341
00:37:38,320 --> 00:37:39,992
He said,

342
00:37:40,880 --> 00:37:42,791
"Could you then help us?"

343
00:37:42,880 --> 00:37:44,791
- To kill me?
- Of course you!

344
00:37:44,880 --> 00:37:46,916
It wouldn't be me, would it?

345
00:37:48,080 --> 00:37:52,437
He went on about it for 20 minutes.

346
00:37:52,520 --> 00:37:56,991
"You do things like that, don't you?"
He asked.

347
00:37:57,080 --> 00:38:01,312
(Officer Shebalin) And then
he asked Sasha, "Could you do it?"

348
00:38:02,240 --> 00:38:04,515
And then a long pause.

349
00:38:06,480 --> 00:38:11,110
What a price
humans have to pay for knowledge.

350
00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:16,752
How hard it is to rise above
the common wisdom...

351
00:38:21,560 --> 00:38:25,917
Is it even more difficult
for Russians, would you say?

352
00:38:29,840 --> 00:38:31,831
I know what you mean.

353
00:38:31,920 --> 00:38:37,199
The Russian mentality is that of slaves.

354
00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:42,591
That's why the system
of forced limitations is so welcome.

355
00:38:42,680 --> 00:38:48,232
So why then am I advocating
liberalism in Russia?

356
00:38:48,320 --> 00:38:53,440
Am I contradicting myself,

357
00:38:53,520 --> 00:38:57,308
advocating freedom for the Russians,
going against the nation's character?

358
00:38:57,400 --> 00:39:00,870
So, is Russia ready, which means

359
00:39:00,960 --> 00:39:04,919
her people ready to take
the responsibility of freedom?

360
00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:06,718
I think they are ready.

361
00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:11,034
Because once the tyrannical dictate
was lifted,

362
00:39:11,120 --> 00:39:14,874
millions of entrepreneurs appeared,

363
00:39:15,960 --> 00:39:20,954
a myriad of independent politicians
and journalists appeared...

364
00:39:21,040 --> 00:39:25,113
Russia turned out fully prepared

365
00:39:25,200 --> 00:39:29,034
for this crucial, historical step!

366
00:39:29,120 --> 00:39:32,829
We only needed to move forward

367
00:39:32,920 --> 00:39:35,593
and consolidate that freedom.

368
00:39:35,680 --> 00:39:41,312
And so my main conflict
with the authorities today

369
00:39:41,400 --> 00:39:44,312
is about individual independence.

370
00:39:44,400 --> 00:39:50,509
All those stupidities,
media controls, "vertical power"

371
00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:52,113
have one result.

372
00:39:52,200 --> 00:39:57,115
Destruction of freedom
in the minds of Russia's citizens.

373
00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:08,109
It's impossible for the director
to be on the top without support.

374
00:40:08,200 --> 00:40:11,829
Maybe the president himself isn't in on it.

375
00:40:11,920 --> 00:40:14,514
All I know is,

376
00:40:14,760 --> 00:40:20,232
there are several political leaders
who are in on it,

377
00:40:20,320 --> 00:40:24,711
and they are giving orders
to our bosses.

378
00:40:25,720 --> 00:40:28,996
So corruption
is maintained from the top?

379
00:40:29,080 --> 00:40:31,389
Yes, they are in on it.

380
00:40:31,480 --> 00:40:33,436
- There is protection on the top?
- Yes.

381
00:40:34,160 --> 00:40:37,709
Sergei Dorenko interviewed us.

382
00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:40,473
We made a deal that the tape

383
00:40:40,560 --> 00:40:43,358
would only be made public
in case of death.

384
00:40:43,440 --> 00:40:46,238
Initially Litvinenko took the tape.

385
00:40:51,080 --> 00:40:53,036
Some time later,

386
00:40:54,440 --> 00:40:59,594
I demanded from Litvinenko
that he hand over the tape to me,

387
00:40:59,680 --> 00:41:04,151
thinking there was only one copy.

388
00:41:04,240 --> 00:41:09,519
And so the bastard waited
until I'd left to go on holiday.

389
00:41:09,920 --> 00:41:12,388
I went on holiday...

390
00:41:14,360 --> 00:41:18,273
sometime at the end of October
or beginning of November.

391
00:41:21,760 --> 00:41:25,469
I arrived at my parents' place in Ukraine.

392
00:41:28,640 --> 00:41:32,758
We're sitting at the table, drinking tea...

393
00:41:33,520 --> 00:41:35,954
and then I see myself on TV.

394
00:41:36,040 --> 00:41:40,556
That very press conference,
or rather, that very interview.

395
00:41:40,640 --> 00:41:44,872
The very interview
that was filmed eight months earlier

396
00:41:45,920 --> 00:41:47,717
is there on the TV screen.

397
00:41:51,720 --> 00:41:56,748
<i>I met the FSB officers from Alexander</i>
<i>Gusak's department in April 1998.</i>

398
00:41:56,840 --> 00:42:01,516
I realise that a state security officer
should not speak on TV.

399
00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:04,956
But the moment has come.

400
00:42:05,040 --> 00:42:09,511
I have never been afraid
to put my life in danger,

401
00:42:09,600 --> 00:42:14,515
but I do fear
for the lives of my wife and child.

402
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:19,720
Still, even if they were to kill me,
my wife and my child,

403
00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:22,712
if these people aren't stopped,

404
00:42:22,800 --> 00:42:29,148
things will get even worse
than at the time of Stalin's purges.

405
00:42:29,240 --> 00:42:32,630
I realised that the power in the FSB

406
00:42:32,720 --> 00:42:36,508
was seized by cynics
who are capable of anything.

407
00:42:36,600 --> 00:42:40,115
I saw what sort of people got to the top.

408
00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:43,112
Putin was the director at the time.

409
00:42:43,200 --> 00:42:44,713
I could no longer keep silent.

410
00:42:46,040 --> 00:42:48,600
They pleaded with me

411
00:42:48,680 --> 00:42:50,750
to drop the charges.

412
00:42:50,840 --> 00:42:54,515
They even offered me a higher position.

413
00:42:54,600 --> 00:42:57,478
It even got comical. They'd say,

414
00:42:57,560 --> 00:43:01,633
"Sasha, why are you getting all wound up?

415
00:43:02,840 --> 00:43:06,879
"Find yourself a few shops
and extort money from them

416
00:43:06,960 --> 00:43:09,428
"like everybody else.

417
00:43:09,520 --> 00:43:13,638
"You'll have your
five or six K a month from that,

418
00:43:13,720 --> 00:43:15,676
"you'll be fine.

419
00:43:15,760 --> 00:43:19,878
"If you can't find any shops
by yourself, we'll do it for you!"

420
00:43:21,120 --> 00:43:24,510
The deputy head of our department
shouted at me,

421
00:43:24,600 --> 00:43:26,716
using four-letter words,

422
00:43:26,800 --> 00:43:31,032
because I refused to finish off

423
00:43:31,120 --> 00:43:34,476
"the Jew who robbed half the country!"

424
00:43:34,560 --> 00:43:37,711
It was a revolt!
The whole department rebelled.

425
00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:40,189
The most secret department

426
00:43:40,280 --> 00:43:42,350
in the entire FSB revolted.

427
00:43:42,440 --> 00:43:46,911
All FSB was transfixed,
watching what would happen next.

428
00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:51,835
Never in the history of
any secret service did a unit rebel.

429
00:43:51,920 --> 00:43:57,040
Let alone a secret one that was created
specifically to murder people.

430
00:43:57,120 --> 00:44:00,430
At the press conference, he was
the leader, but there were others.

431
00:44:00,520 --> 00:44:02,431
What was their motivation?

432
00:44:02,520 --> 00:44:05,512
They were afraid
they'd be forced to kill people.

433
00:44:05,600 --> 00:44:08,068
So they were motivated by morals, too?

434
00:44:08,160 --> 00:44:10,674
No, just fear!

435
00:44:10,760 --> 00:44:14,958
Because if you get into the killing business,

436
00:44:15,040 --> 00:44:21,195
you might end up dead yourself.

437
00:44:21,280 --> 00:44:27,196
If you cross that line,
you become defenceless yourself.

438
00:44:27,280 --> 00:44:29,589
That's what motivated them, not ideas.

439
00:44:29,680 --> 00:44:32,399
It was something else.

440
00:44:32,480 --> 00:44:34,118
In essence,

441
00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:39,790
what those people did back in 1998

442
00:44:39,880 --> 00:44:44,431
was an extraordinarily courageous deed.

443
00:44:44,520 --> 00:44:46,988
They refused

444
00:44:47,160 --> 00:44:51,472
to carry out a criminal order
explicitly given to them,

445
00:44:51,560 --> 00:44:53,835
a crime they were ordered to commit.

446
00:44:53,920 --> 00:44:56,275
They went against the system.

447
00:44:56,360 --> 00:44:57,998
We rose together,

448
00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:01,839
shoulder to shoulder,

449
00:45:01,920 --> 00:45:04,718
and I am grateful to them.

450
00:45:04,800 --> 00:45:11,148
Six officers, some with
up to 25 years of service, stood up

451
00:45:11,240 --> 00:45:15,199
and said, "Enough is enough,
we cannot carry on living like this."

452
00:45:16,320 --> 00:45:21,394
But instead of listening to
and looking into the allegations,

453
00:45:21,480 --> 00:45:24,995
the state started to persecute them.

454
00:45:32,680 --> 00:45:37,834
The Russian Federation has instituted
criminal proceedings against him,

455
00:45:37,920 --> 00:45:42,869
because of abuse of his position,
specifically,

456
00:45:42,960 --> 00:45:47,556
beating up citizens
while they were in detention

457
00:45:47,640 --> 00:45:50,200
and theft of explosives.

458
00:45:50,280 --> 00:45:57,231
All the incidents in this case
have already been investigated previously.

459
00:45:57,320 --> 00:46:00,073
No substance for indictment was found.

460
00:46:02,240 --> 00:46:04,435
A unique case in legal history.

461
00:46:04,520 --> 00:46:09,435
Having heard a verdict of not guilty,
the free man is arrested again.

462
00:46:09,520 --> 00:46:13,195
Attention! Federal Security Service!

463
00:46:13,280 --> 00:46:16,238
Everybody, please stay calm!

464
00:46:20,600 --> 00:46:23,398
(Judge) The court hearing isn't over yet!

465
00:46:23,480 --> 00:46:26,199
Will the Federal Security Service
please behave!

466
00:46:26,280 --> 00:46:28,999
Having lost the first court case,

467
00:46:29,080 --> 00:46:31,833
the military prosecution and the FSB

468
00:46:31,920 --> 00:46:33,831
bring new charges against them,

469
00:46:33,920 --> 00:46:36,992
using dubious methods
of collecting evidence.

470
00:47:03,040 --> 00:47:07,033
I've worked for the FSB for six years.

471
00:47:07,120 --> 00:47:09,076
As an agent.

472
00:47:09,160 --> 00:47:11,549
My controller was,

473
00:47:11,640 --> 00:47:13,915
and still is today,

474
00:47:14,000 --> 00:47:15,672
Litvinenko.

475
00:47:16,960 --> 00:47:18,313
Sasha.

476
00:47:18,400 --> 00:47:21,198
I love and respect him.

477
00:47:26,280 --> 00:47:28,919
He's being accused

478
00:47:32,360 --> 00:47:35,397
of such horrendous things

479
00:47:35,480 --> 00:47:38,950
that I want to shut my eyes.

480
00:47:39,960 --> 00:47:41,996
I'm shocked.

481
00:47:43,640 --> 00:47:46,393
He was and is a real human being.

482
00:47:47,440 --> 00:47:50,955
And at this moment I'm lost.

483
00:47:52,040 --> 00:47:56,079
They're trying to get me to testify.

484
00:47:57,200 --> 00:47:59,589
I'd be an accessory, so that he'll go to jail.

485
00:47:59,680 --> 00:48:07,394
How can I put a guy behind bars
who... well, who created my life?

486
00:48:07,480 --> 00:48:11,439
My God! He gave me my life.

487
00:48:13,280 --> 00:48:15,794
Not money-wise or anything...

488
00:48:15,880 --> 00:48:20,112
He said, "Roma, take a normal route.

489
00:48:20,200 --> 00:48:23,476
"Normal. Don't be a thug or a nobody."

490
00:48:24,600 --> 00:48:31,073
And now I'm wanted
by the Solntsevo gang and so on...

491
00:48:31,160 --> 00:48:39,158
Everybody's out to get me. I'm hiding
from the state and also from thugs.

492
00:48:39,240 --> 00:48:41,629
So what do I do now?

493
00:48:41,720 --> 00:48:43,631
I don't know.

494
00:48:44,440 --> 00:48:46,078
I'm all alone.

495
00:48:46,160 --> 00:48:49,152
Now what? My life is over.

496
00:48:51,800 --> 00:48:55,713
<i>The FSB has fallen as low as it gets.</i>

497
00:48:55,800 --> 00:48:57,870
<i>It is outing undercover agents</i>

498
00:48:58,920 --> 00:49:01,559
<i>of the rebellious FSB officers</i>

499
00:49:01,640 --> 00:49:04,837
<i>unless the agents testify against the rebels.</i>

500
00:49:05,680 --> 00:49:09,116
<i>Alexander Gusak was also</i>
<i>arrested on suspicion of murder.</i>

501
00:49:10,240 --> 00:49:12,913
I was under investigation for four years.

502
00:49:13,760 --> 00:49:16,991
I cooperated fully,

503
00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:19,755
and I wasn't convicted.

504
00:49:20,960 --> 00:49:22,712
You understand?

505
00:49:26,120 --> 00:49:27,792
Some Russian citizens

506
00:49:27,880 --> 00:49:30,269
sincerely believe

507
00:49:30,360 --> 00:49:33,909
that special services must kill.

508
00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:37,151
I talked about it with a lot of my friends

509
00:49:37,240 --> 00:49:39,629
who are intelligent people.

510
00:49:39,720 --> 00:49:43,235
They say, "Sasha, what's all the fuss
about the FSB killing people?"

511
00:49:44,320 --> 00:49:49,440
What do I think of
Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko?

512
00:49:52,120 --> 00:49:54,076
He's just scum.

513
00:49:55,120 --> 00:49:59,557
I don't blame them for it. They can't help it.

514
00:50:01,640 --> 00:50:03,870
They were like soldiers

515
00:50:03,960 --> 00:50:07,077
who stood up and went against the tanks.

516
00:50:07,160 --> 00:50:10,630
Some of them stumbled.
Can you blame them for it?

517
00:50:14,160 --> 00:50:20,554
The FSB showed all the strength
it could muster. All its might.

518
00:50:20,640 --> 00:50:24,189
The whole complex range of measures

519
00:50:24,280 --> 00:50:29,638
that KGB's political Directorate
had excelled at were used again -

520
00:50:29,720 --> 00:50:33,110
discrediting tactics,
undermining reputations,

521
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:35,794
blackmail, threats,

522
00:50:35,880 --> 00:50:39,714
fabricating evidence,
phoney criminal charges...

523
00:50:39,800 --> 00:50:45,477
The FSB used every possible means
of subversion against its own officers.

524
00:50:45,560 --> 00:50:48,597
And some of them got crushed.

525
00:51:07,080 --> 00:51:10,914
One officer came to the press
conference wearing a black mask.

526
00:51:11,000 --> 00:51:14,549
He returned to the FSB
to escape imprisonment.

527
00:51:14,640 --> 00:51:16,073
He approached me

528
00:51:16,160 --> 00:51:19,835
and suggested I drop my investigation
into the Moscow bombings

529
00:51:19,920 --> 00:51:21,876
and work against Litvinenko,

530
00:51:21,960 --> 00:51:24,872
in which case, I would be left well alone.

531
00:51:24,960 --> 00:51:26,916
When the FSB came to Judge Kravchenko,

532
00:51:27,000 --> 00:51:30,436
who presided at the first trial against me

533
00:51:30,520 --> 00:51:32,511
and ended up acquitting me,

534
00:51:32,600 --> 00:51:35,194
he threw them out.

535
00:51:35,280 --> 00:51:38,192
But they said, "Acquit
that bastard and you're next!"

536
00:51:38,280 --> 00:51:40,236
So they sacked that judge,

537
00:51:40,320 --> 00:51:42,470
and appointed a loyal one.

538
00:51:42,560 --> 00:51:46,917
They just point to somebody like me and go,

539
00:51:47,000 --> 00:51:48,911
"Give him three years.

540
00:51:49,000 --> 00:51:53,471
"We need him proclaimed guilty,
even probation would do."

541
00:51:53,560 --> 00:51:56,472
He got three years on probation.

542
00:51:56,560 --> 00:51:58,596
They tell me I betrayed the system.

543
00:51:58,680 --> 00:52:01,274
There was no need to flee.

544
00:52:01,360 --> 00:52:04,272
They say, "You're a traitor,
we'll kill you anyway."

545
00:52:04,360 --> 00:52:05,793
To them I'm an enemy.

546
00:52:14,520 --> 00:52:16,078
I chose to flee.

547
00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:31,313
Why? Because I had a little son

548
00:52:31,400 --> 00:52:34,517
whom they threatened to kill, too.

549
00:52:34,600 --> 00:52:39,913
I looked at my six-year-old son
and I thought, "What about him?

550
00:52:40,000 --> 00:52:43,072
"His life hasn't even begun yet."

551
00:52:43,160 --> 00:52:47,278
I thought, "Whatever happens to me,
I have got to save this child!"

552
00:53:18,760 --> 00:53:21,035
Trepashkin, stand up!

553
00:53:22,080 --> 00:53:25,277
You want to make a statement? Proceed.

554
00:53:29,400 --> 00:53:34,758
Litvinenko was forced to leave
the country, not as a defector,

555
00:53:34,840 --> 00:53:36,796
but to save his life.

556
00:53:36,880 --> 00:53:40,509
I can confirm that.
He had to escape abroad.

557
00:53:40,600 --> 00:53:44,593
After that, the authorities went on
to "liquidate" their critics.

558
00:53:44,680 --> 00:53:46,477
They came after me, too.

559
00:53:46,560 --> 00:53:48,790
As a lawyer, I represented

560
00:53:48,880 --> 00:53:51,440
the survivors
of the Moscow 1999 bombings.

561
00:53:53,640 --> 00:53:57,474
When I refused to help
prepare the murder of Litvinenko

562
00:53:57,560 --> 00:53:59,869
and continued my work on the bombings,

563
00:53:59,960 --> 00:54:04,397
they planted some cartridges
in my apartment, arrested me,

564
00:54:04,480 --> 00:54:08,075
and cynically told me
it was standard practice.

565
00:54:10,560 --> 00:54:16,430
To every court in Russia, an active reserve
officer of the FSB is attached,

566
00:54:16,520 --> 00:54:19,876
as if he's in the legal profession

567
00:54:19,960 --> 00:54:22,918
and influences the judges

568
00:54:23,000 --> 00:54:25,719
so they'll pass the "correct" verdict.

569
00:54:25,800 --> 00:54:30,157
But does he have power over the judges?

570
00:54:30,240 --> 00:54:33,630
No, not officially, but he has his ways.

571
00:54:33,720 --> 00:54:35,950
He says to a judge,

572
00:54:36,040 --> 00:54:39,112
"There's this person
that we want to see behind bars."

573
00:54:40,160 --> 00:54:43,596
The judge answers,
"But there's nothing against him."

574
00:54:43,680 --> 00:54:49,118
The FSB guy says, "The chief himself
wants this person locked up.

575
00:54:49,200 --> 00:54:53,398
"The chief never forgets a favour.
You have no flat? We'll get you a flat.

576
00:54:53,480 --> 00:54:57,792
"And there's a judge in a better area
who will be retiring soon,

577
00:54:57,880 --> 00:55:01,031
"you could be the one to succeed him."

578
00:55:01,720 --> 00:55:04,553
And so our judge starts thinking.

579
00:55:04,640 --> 00:55:06,278
He earns peanuts,

580
00:55:06,360 --> 00:55:10,114
his wife is always nagging him about it,

581
00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:12,760
his mother-in-law lives with them,

582
00:55:12,840 --> 00:55:15,991
it's terribly crowded,

583
00:55:16,080 --> 00:55:18,150
three people in every room...

584
00:55:18,240 --> 00:55:23,155
So the judge writes "guilty" and that's it.

585
00:55:23,240 --> 00:55:26,630
The judge is labelled loyal. He's theirs.

586
00:55:26,720 --> 00:55:31,316
He can do anything. He takes bribes.

587
00:55:31,400 --> 00:55:37,032
Then the FSB guy shows him a report
of him taking bribes and says,

588
00:55:37,120 --> 00:55:42,877
"Look, seeing that you're loyal to us,
"we will forget about this."

589
00:55:42,960 --> 00:55:46,157
And the FSB guy tears up the report.

590
00:55:53,480 --> 00:55:57,871
The FSB claimed I passed Litvinenko
state secrets via the Internet.

591
00:55:58,920 --> 00:56:02,674
Litvinenko knew no secrets!

592
00:56:02,760 --> 00:56:05,354
Everyone realises I don't know any secrets.

593
00:56:05,440 --> 00:56:09,991
The only secrets I know are
about organised crime and corruption

594
00:56:10,080 --> 00:56:14,710
and they can't legally
be considered state secrets.

595
00:56:17,080 --> 00:56:20,868
Even if I wanted to work
for British Intelligence,

596
00:56:20,960 --> 00:56:22,439
I have nothing to tell them!

597
00:56:22,520 --> 00:56:25,114
How can I be a traitor to my country?

598
00:56:26,080 --> 00:56:28,674
Why are they so angry with me?

599
00:56:28,760 --> 00:56:33,914
Because I have spoken about
the one thing that is important, holy to them.

600
00:56:34,880 --> 00:56:40,159
One officer said to me, "You can out
all our agents, to hell with them.

601
00:56:40,240 --> 00:56:44,279
"We'll recruit new ones.
But you did one deadly thing.

602
00:56:44,360 --> 00:56:48,797
"You made public
our system of earning money!

603
00:56:48,880 --> 00:56:52,111
"Do you want us to use the underground?"

604
00:56:54,280 --> 00:56:57,670
That is why they hate me so much!

605
00:56:57,760 --> 00:57:01,719
Sasha told me just recently,
"I can have any information.

606
00:57:02,800 --> 00:57:07,555
"Even from those people
who call me enemy, a traitor."

607
00:57:07,640 --> 00:57:09,631
- Really?
- Yes.

608
00:57:09,720 --> 00:57:11,790
No problem at all.

609
00:57:11,880 --> 00:57:15,509
- Absolutely any information.
- Because everything's for sale?

610
00:57:15,600 --> 00:57:20,833
Yes, everything's for sale.
Things like hating the enemy or patriotism

611
00:57:20,920 --> 00:57:24,196
are all just for TV.

612
00:57:30,200 --> 00:57:31,872
<i>We won't sleep</i>

613
00:57:31,960 --> 00:57:36,476
<i>until we have destroyed</i>
<i>this nest of terrorism here.</i>

614
00:57:36,560 --> 00:57:39,677
<i>Otherwise, our houses will be blown up,</i>

615
00:57:39,760 --> 00:57:42,228
<i>there will be Mafia everywhere,</i>

616
00:57:42,320 --> 00:57:47,792
<i>racketeering, people will be</i>
<i>abducting and selling people...</i>

617
00:57:52,880 --> 00:57:56,236
Our commander, Captain Safarov,
and his sergeant

618
00:57:56,320 --> 00:57:58,834
were selling ammunition

619
00:57:59,960 --> 00:58:02,838
for vodka and hash to the Chechens.

620
00:58:02,920 --> 00:58:05,275
Weapons were going like hot cakes.

621
00:58:05,360 --> 00:58:09,148
Everything was for sale.

622
00:58:09,520 --> 00:58:11,272
Even PTURs.

623
00:58:11,360 --> 00:58:14,158
- What are they?
- Anti-tank rockets.

624
00:58:16,280 --> 00:58:18,396
The officers sold out whole units.

625
00:58:18,480 --> 00:58:20,471
An officer would get money.

626
00:58:20,560 --> 00:58:23,074
- From whom?
- The Chechens.

627
00:58:23,160 --> 00:58:27,597
Then he'd send the unit
where it would be destroyed.

628
00:58:27,680 --> 00:58:32,356
The FSB was particularly vile.
For instance...

629
00:58:32,440 --> 00:58:37,230
Say the Chechens needed some people,
Russian soldiers, to do some job.

630
00:58:37,320 --> 00:58:39,788
They'd say to the commanding officers,

631
00:58:39,880 --> 00:58:43,156
"We'll give you 2,000 bucks,

632
00:58:43,240 --> 00:58:46,312
"you give us two men."

633
00:58:46,440 --> 00:58:51,878
The officers would have two soldiers
stuffed into a jeep and taken away.

634
00:58:51,960 --> 00:58:56,750
That's what the FSB did.
It sold Russian soldiers as slaves.

635
00:58:59,600 --> 00:59:02,751
<i>There are no traitors in the army.</i>

636
00:59:04,680 --> 00:59:07,319
<i>We hope there are no traitors</i>
<i>in the government.</i>

637
00:59:07,400 --> 00:59:09,550
<i>This one supports us,</i>

638
00:59:09,800 --> 00:59:13,509
<i>the Acting President trusts us</i>
<i>and we pursue his goal.</i>

639
01:00:28,240 --> 01:00:31,949
There were funny incidents,
like some soldiers saying

640
01:00:32,040 --> 01:00:35,589
to Chechen women,
"Give us 300 to 500 roubles

641
01:00:35,680 --> 01:00:37,910
"and we won't rape you."

642
01:00:38,000 --> 01:00:40,116
This, you know...

643
01:00:40,200 --> 01:00:43,875
Such a level of moral degradation!

644
01:00:43,960 --> 01:00:47,475
Well, if you did come to rape...

645
01:00:49,560 --> 01:00:52,711
- It's sheer cynicism.
- Yes. What does it mean?

646
01:00:52,800 --> 01:00:56,793
500 roubles and you're not horny any more?

647
01:00:57,880 --> 01:01:03,398
From my perspective as a woman,
that's a bit... extreme, so to speak.

648
01:01:06,480 --> 01:01:10,632
For instance, today
one of my articles has come out.

649
01:01:10,720 --> 01:01:15,953
On a subject I consider to be a sensation,

650
01:01:16,040 --> 01:01:18,998
and of very great importance.

651
01:01:19,080 --> 01:01:22,868
One of the terrorists who hijacked
the Nord Ost musical walked out

652
01:01:22,960 --> 01:01:25,269
and now works at Putin's administration.

653
01:01:25,360 --> 01:01:28,955
To us that's... well...

654
01:01:30,000 --> 01:01:32,036
of the utmost importance.

655
01:01:32,120 --> 01:01:36,272
Because it changes the whole perception
of what's going on in this country.

656
01:01:38,560 --> 01:01:42,758
While I was writing the article,
I really felt nauseous.

657
01:01:43,440 --> 01:01:45,192
It was like...

658
01:01:46,040 --> 01:01:47,473
falling into a cesspool

659
01:01:48,720 --> 01:01:50,153
full of shit.

660
01:01:52,400 --> 01:01:57,394
We thought we'd make it public
and there'd be an uproar.

661
01:01:57,480 --> 01:02:00,278
I mean, society must finally see...

662
01:02:04,040 --> 01:02:06,873
So you see, today's Monday.

663
01:02:06,960 --> 01:02:12,273
Our newspaper hit the stands early
this morning. It's late afternoon now!

664
01:02:13,320 --> 01:02:14,833
Nobody really cares.

665
01:02:14,920 --> 01:02:17,195
We were all so upset!

666
01:02:17,280 --> 01:02:20,238
But, in fact,
it was a manipulated terror attack!

667
01:02:20,320 --> 01:02:23,198
The government knows perfectly well

668
01:02:23,840 --> 01:02:29,551
there won't be any protests
regarding this affair, no meetings, nothing!

669
01:02:29,640 --> 01:02:34,634
They'd be in no danger
of any such thing whatsoever!

670
01:02:35,200 --> 01:02:39,955
That's why I'm certain they're
looking down on us in our torment

671
01:02:40,040 --> 01:02:43,715
from the safe heights
of the Kremlin mountain, thinking,

672
01:02:43,800 --> 01:02:45,438
"Go on, hop to it!

673
01:02:45,520 --> 01:02:49,672
"If need be, we'll bump you off,
if not, you'll live."

674
01:03:09,080 --> 01:03:11,514
Do you have the Novaya Gazeta?

675
01:03:11,600 --> 01:03:13,397
The Novaya Gazeta?

676
01:03:47,840 --> 01:03:50,593
You haven't got the Novaya Gazeta?

677
01:03:51,720 --> 01:03:53,278
Sorry?

678
01:04:09,280 --> 01:04:12,989
I've heard about this book. What is it?

679
01:04:13,080 --> 01:04:15,196
- It's bullshit!
- Really?

680
01:04:15,280 --> 01:04:18,397
That's what we say in Russia. Bullshit.

681
01:04:18,480 --> 01:04:20,391
But there must be something in it.

682
01:04:20,480 --> 01:04:23,790
We don't know a thing about our history.

683
01:04:23,880 --> 01:04:27,236
When you say bullshit,
you mean it isn't true?

684
01:04:27,320 --> 01:04:30,756
No, on the contrary.
I wouldn't be buying it otherwise.

685
01:04:30,840 --> 01:04:34,355
- Then why do you call it bullshit?
- It's the Russian way!

686
01:04:34,440 --> 01:04:38,115
Everything that's really interesting
is called bullshit.

687
01:05:37,760 --> 01:05:39,876
Didn't Litvinenko send his love to me?

688
01:05:39,960 --> 01:05:41,712
Yes, of course he did.

689
01:05:59,080 --> 01:06:02,868
A journalist who criticises
the president is killed in a stairwell,

690
01:06:02,960 --> 01:06:06,999
another one killed and another -

691
01:06:07,080 --> 01:06:10,755
look for the killers in a special services unit
specialising in that.

692
01:06:41,800 --> 01:06:43,392
He told me that he was

693
01:06:44,440 --> 01:06:47,352
extremely interested

694
01:06:49,440 --> 01:06:51,715
in the 1999 bombings in Moscow,

695
01:06:51,800 --> 01:06:55,952
and that he was going
to write a lot about them.

696
01:07:00,480 --> 01:07:05,508
It is very sad that
Artyom Borovik is no longer with us.

697
01:07:05,600 --> 01:07:10,958
What do you say to those Russian people

698
01:07:11,040 --> 01:07:13,634
who might agree with you and, indeed,

699
01:07:13,720 --> 01:07:17,474
understand on a rational level
what you're saying in your book,

700
01:07:18,440 --> 01:07:20,112
although on an emotional level,

701
01:07:20,200 --> 01:07:23,272
they can't understand
that a Russian man

702
01:07:23,360 --> 01:07:27,478
deposits sacks of explosives
in a Russian apartment block

703
01:07:27,560 --> 01:07:30,916
and kills his own countrymen?

704
01:07:31,000 --> 01:07:36,916
I tell you, according to the polls,
more than 60 percent of all Russians

705
01:07:37,000 --> 01:07:40,788
believe that the FSB
blew up these buildings.

706
01:07:40,880 --> 01:07:46,273
The FSB's only argument is,
"We didn't blow up those buildings,

707
01:07:46,360 --> 01:07:48,999
"because we simply couldn't have."

708
01:07:49,080 --> 01:07:50,354
That's all.

709
01:07:50,440 --> 01:07:55,833
But if you look at the history
of the KGB and the FSB,

710
01:07:55,920 --> 01:08:00,118
you'll see that the main occupation
of those organisations

711
01:08:00,200 --> 01:08:02,270
has been terrorism.

712
01:08:02,360 --> 01:08:03,634
Andropov, for instance,

713
01:08:03,720 --> 01:08:06,314
was a professional terrorist his whole life.

714
01:08:06,400 --> 01:08:09,278
If you have an organisation like this

715
01:08:10,360 --> 01:08:13,272
with such a terrorist legacy,

716
01:08:13,360 --> 01:08:17,114
and a terrorist attack like this
takes place, forgive me,

717
01:08:17,200 --> 01:08:19,794
but who would you suspect?

718
01:08:19,880 --> 01:08:23,475
Some say they couldn't have done it.

719
01:08:23,560 --> 01:08:25,630
Hang on, who couldn't have done it?

720
01:08:25,720 --> 01:08:28,109
Putin and FSB chief Patrushev couldn't?

721
01:08:28,200 --> 01:08:31,033
I have studied Patrushev's activities.

722
01:08:31,120 --> 01:08:36,240
Let me tell you,
he has left a trail of crime behind him.

723
01:08:36,320 --> 01:08:39,756
Putin, too, has left
a trail of crime behind him.

724
01:08:39,840 --> 01:08:43,958
Putin was the subject
of an investigation into drug trafficking.

725
01:08:44,040 --> 01:08:46,190
Sorry, but when and where?

726
01:08:46,280 --> 01:08:49,272
Until he was elected President in 2000.

727
01:08:49,360 --> 01:08:53,990
Relevant documents connect him
to the Columbian drug syndicate.

728
01:08:54,080 --> 01:08:56,753
Him personally,
or in relation to someone else?

729
01:08:56,840 --> 01:09:00,674
He was a consultant for a company

730
01:09:00,760 --> 01:09:04,469
whose vice president

731
01:09:04,680 --> 01:09:08,036
was arrested by the German police
for laundering Colombian money...

732
01:09:12,120 --> 01:09:15,590
<i>The Litvinenko case</i>
<i>raises some questions.</i>

733
01:09:15,680 --> 01:09:17,113
<i>Journalist Jürgen Roth,</i>

734
01:09:17,200 --> 01:09:20,829
<i>an expert author of books</i>
<i>on the Russian mafia.</i>

735
01:09:20,920 --> 01:09:22,751
<i>Welcome to the show.</i>

736
01:09:35,160 --> 01:09:37,276
When the premises of the SPAG

737
01:09:37,360 --> 01:09:41,399
here in the Frankfurt area
were searched around lunch time,

738
01:09:41,480 --> 01:09:44,790
well, the offices were searched all day,

739
01:09:44,880 --> 01:09:49,431
but around lunch time
the Chancellor's office was informed

740
01:09:49,520 --> 01:09:51,033
and that same day

741
01:09:51,120 --> 01:09:55,636
the Russian Interior Ministry
was tipped off about the search,

742
01:09:55,720 --> 01:09:57,199
which is strange.

743
01:09:57,280 --> 01:09:59,271
Even before the search took place

744
01:09:59,360 --> 01:10:04,309
the public prosecutor's office in Frankfurt
tried to suppress the case.

745
01:10:04,400 --> 01:10:09,838
What was on their mind was that Putin
was central to this whole affair.

746
01:10:09,920 --> 01:10:13,959
The prosecutor investigating
the case didn't get any help.

747
01:10:14,040 --> 01:10:19,273
It all started with a report about
money laundering in Liechtenstein.

748
01:10:19,480 --> 01:10:22,392
In this report by the BND,
the Federal Intelligence Service,

749
01:10:22,480 --> 01:10:27,554
there was a note
about the SPAG company laundering money

750
01:10:27,640 --> 01:10:31,792
for a Russian criminal organization
called Tambovskaya.

751
01:10:31,880 --> 01:10:35,634
And so Public Prosecutor Kirkpatrick
opened an investigation.

752
01:10:35,720 --> 01:10:41,829
Soon after that it was confirmed
that money laundering was taking place,

753
01:10:41,920 --> 01:10:44,673
that the Tambovskaya
connection existed

754
01:10:44,760 --> 01:10:47,149
and that Putin might be involved.

755
01:10:47,800 --> 01:10:51,918
When the company was founded,
Putin was on the board of directors

756
01:10:52,000 --> 01:10:54,468
for half a year in 1993.

757
01:10:54,560 --> 01:10:58,439
After that, he was
on the advisory board until 2000.

758
01:10:59,480 --> 01:11:01,357
During that time,

759
01:11:01,440 --> 01:11:04,876
he was in St Petersburg
and also already director of the FSB.

760
01:11:04,960 --> 01:11:09,397
So he was on the advisory board
of SPAG while he was director of the FSB.

761
01:11:09,480 --> 01:11:13,268
Now, I'm familiar
with the workings of the FSB.

762
01:11:13,360 --> 01:11:16,796
If someone somewhere
as much as farted,

763
01:11:16,880 --> 01:11:19,599
he got a written report about it.

764
01:11:20,680 --> 01:11:26,198
And it's hardly plausible that Putin
was not informed about all this,

765
01:11:27,240 --> 01:11:30,630
about what was going on
with SPAG's money,

766
01:11:30,720 --> 01:11:35,510
and that the people behind it
all were criminals, classic mafiosi.

767
01:11:35,600 --> 01:11:40,310
He was under investigation
for accepting large sums of drug money,

768
01:11:40,400 --> 01:11:42,118
which is undisputed.

769
01:11:42,200 --> 01:11:43,918
That was ascertained?

770
01:11:44,000 --> 01:11:47,754
It was ascertained by the courts
in Liechtenstein.

771
01:11:47,840 --> 01:11:50,354
You can also track

772
01:11:50,440 --> 01:11:55,594
his long-term intelligence connections
to Germany, to Dresden.

773
01:11:55,680 --> 01:11:59,229
I've got a list of all the intelligence officers

774
01:11:59,320 --> 01:12:02,835
from the GDR era and Putin is on it.

775
01:12:02,920 --> 01:12:07,994
Even back then, he kept close connections
with the entire intelligence community

776
01:12:08,080 --> 01:12:11,038
involved in dirty business.

777
01:12:11,120 --> 01:12:12,473
The East German?

778
01:12:12,560 --> 01:12:14,551
The GDR intelligence service. Stasi.

779
01:12:14,640 --> 01:12:16,870
Corruption and things?

780
01:12:16,960 --> 01:12:19,872
Not only corruption. Corruption...

781
01:12:19,960 --> 01:12:23,748
That's a matter of course.
No one even discusses that any more.

782
01:12:24,880 --> 01:12:27,792
It's more to do with spying and destruction.

783
01:12:27,880 --> 01:12:31,953
"How do I destroy a political opponent?"

784
01:12:32,040 --> 01:12:35,919
Shortly after I gave the interview
on Radio Liberty,

785
01:12:36,000 --> 01:12:40,516
publications appeared that accused
me of slandering our president,

786
01:12:40,600 --> 01:12:45,833
not to mention that Putin was caught
stealing metal assignments and funds

787
01:12:45,920 --> 01:12:48,673
in the early '90s in St Petersburg.

788
01:13:44,400 --> 01:13:49,554
Someone made a bloody great fortune!

789
01:13:53,480 --> 01:13:57,917
...as a result of this disappearance,
the city of Leningrad

790
01:13:58,000 --> 01:14:02,994
will not receive
food rations appointed to them

791
01:14:03,080 --> 01:14:05,514
with a value of 11.5 million dollars.

792
01:14:05,600 --> 01:14:08,876
In those days, that was a lot of money.

793
01:14:13,600 --> 01:14:15,318
Poor people of Leningrad!

794
01:14:15,400 --> 01:14:19,632
This is the second siege of Leningrad.

795
01:14:58,160 --> 01:14:59,991
I wasn't idle during the war.

796
01:15:00,080 --> 01:15:02,548
I was chief engineer

797
01:15:04,080 --> 01:15:07,197
of the Leningrad defence constructions.

798
01:15:07,960 --> 01:15:10,554
And now the Germans,
of all people, are feeding me!

799
01:15:27,560 --> 01:15:32,714
If you only knew what kind of life we live!
Soon after the war was over,

800
01:15:32,800 --> 01:15:37,920
only two years after that terrible
siege life was back to normal!

801
01:15:39,880 --> 01:15:41,632
The ration cards were abolished.

802
01:15:41,720 --> 01:15:44,314
And that so soon after the terrible war.

803
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:48,188
And now, there's no war,
no flood, no earthquake...

804
01:15:48,280 --> 01:15:51,636
Yet we're turned into beggars.

805
01:15:51,720 --> 01:15:53,597
Why?

806
01:15:56,280 --> 01:15:59,750
All our lives we've studied, worked hard...

807
01:15:59,840 --> 01:16:01,876
This canteen was opened

808
01:16:01,960 --> 01:16:05,748
by the Würzburg and Bamberg
Maltese Cross Foundations,

809
01:16:05,840 --> 01:16:07,796
not the St Petersburg Mayor's office.

810
01:16:13,240 --> 01:16:16,391
Just give me a pill to finish me off.

811
01:17:04,440 --> 01:17:05,793
Who is Putin?

812
01:17:05,880 --> 01:17:10,510
We are told, "Wait till he's President,
then you'll know."

813
01:17:10,600 --> 01:17:13,956
Imagine someone becoming
Prime Minister in Britain,

814
01:17:14,040 --> 01:17:17,191
with people asking,
"Is he a thief, or isn't he?"

815
01:17:17,280 --> 01:17:19,840
The real issue here is human morality.

816
01:17:37,640 --> 01:17:40,677
In the Soviet Union
there were two ideologies.

817
01:17:40,760 --> 01:17:42,751
Communist and criminal.

818
01:17:44,840 --> 01:17:48,435
In 1991, the communist ideology died,
the criminal remained.

819
01:17:48,520 --> 01:17:53,116
You just do as you are told!
Do you understand Russian?

820
01:17:53,200 --> 01:17:54,599
Why are you so rude?

821
01:17:58,880 --> 01:18:02,270
France is not a country like any other.

822
01:18:13,000 --> 01:18:15,992
<i>Faced with the risk</i>
<i>of a clash of civilisations...</i>

823
01:18:16,080 --> 01:18:18,878
Putin's regime

824
01:18:18,960 --> 01:18:24,876
is a regime of oligarchs
who own Russia in its entirety,

825
01:18:24,960 --> 01:18:29,431
who sell their oil themselves
making huge profits

826
01:18:29,520 --> 01:18:32,796
while 50 percent of the population

827
01:18:33,040 --> 01:18:37,477
lives below the accepted poverty line.

828
01:18:37,560 --> 01:18:42,873
So it's a regime of profiteers.
But you may call it what you like.

829
01:18:42,960 --> 01:18:45,315
Of the many types of capitalism,

830
01:18:45,400 --> 01:18:48,198
this is one of the worst, if it's capitalism.

831
01:18:48,280 --> 01:18:52,353
If it's socialism, it's also very ugly.

832
01:18:52,440 --> 01:18:53,998
So it's...

833
01:18:54,080 --> 01:18:55,798
It's not socialism.

834
01:18:55,880 --> 01:18:57,632
It isn't socialism.

835
01:18:57,720 --> 01:19:00,792
Well, it does have
many socialist characteristics.

836
01:19:00,880 --> 01:19:04,793
There is the power of the police,
the power of the army,

837
01:19:04,880 --> 01:19:06,950
the absence of freedom of expression.

838
01:19:07,040 --> 01:19:08,678
Virtually totalitarian.

839
01:19:10,000 --> 01:19:13,675
I also think that there are rich men

840
01:19:13,760 --> 01:19:19,312
who have become
strong supporters of public freedom,

841
01:19:19,400 --> 01:19:22,995
that's to say, the rights of man,
social security and so on,

842
01:19:23,080 --> 01:19:25,435
who find themselves in deepest Siberia.

843
01:19:25,520 --> 01:19:27,158
I mean Khodorovsky.

844
01:19:27,240 --> 01:19:32,633
So I think it's necessary to support
both the unemployed who demand food

845
01:19:32,720 --> 01:19:37,510
and the capitalists like Khodorovsky,
who may be called a capitalist,

846
01:19:37,600 --> 01:19:39,397
but he is also for freedom.

847
01:19:39,480 --> 01:19:41,436
On the other hand, we must condemn

848
01:19:41,520 --> 01:19:45,672
all those who suppress and prohibit
the freedom of expression.

849
01:19:45,760 --> 01:19:51,710
In my opinion, Russia has gone back
to something it had under the tsars,

850
01:19:51,800 --> 01:19:53,836
well, always, although,

851
01:19:53,920 --> 01:19:59,790
at some points the possibility
of real reforms existed, efforts for reform,

852
01:19:59,880 --> 01:20:05,318
but under the tsars,
under communism and today

853
01:20:05,400 --> 01:20:08,278
it was and is an autocracy.

854
01:20:08,360 --> 01:20:11,955
What your Putin calls "vertical power."

855
01:20:12,040 --> 01:20:14,634
That's the way things are now.

856
01:20:14,720 --> 01:20:18,076
In my opinion, that's dangerous.

857
01:20:18,160 --> 01:20:21,596
Not only for the Chechens
who are being massacred,

858
01:20:21,680 --> 01:20:27,118
without anyone being allowed
to say how awful it is,

859
01:20:27,880 --> 01:20:30,838
and not only for Russia that is being stifled,

860
01:20:31,880 --> 01:20:33,359
but also for the West.

861
01:20:33,440 --> 01:20:37,069
<i>Jacques Chirac awarded Putin</i>
<i>France's highest order,</i>

862
01:20:37,160 --> 01:20:38,957
<i>the Legion of Honour.</i>

863
01:20:39,040 --> 01:20:49,598
<i>With great interest the Russian</i>
<i>president studies the order...</i>

864
01:20:49,680 --> 01:20:52,956
<i>No Russian citizen</i>
<i>has ever received such an honour.</i>

865
01:20:53,040 --> 01:20:58,273
<i>According to a statement by</i>
<i>the Elysée Palace regarding these images,</i>

866
01:20:58,360 --> 01:21:02,114
<i>it was, I quote,</i>
<i>"an entirely private ceremony."</i>

867
01:21:02,200 --> 01:21:06,796
<i>So not at all official.</i>
<i>That's why there were no cameras present,</i>

868
01:21:06,880 --> 01:21:11,396
<i>neither for the Elysée,</i>
<i>nor from the Elysée's photographers.</i>

869
01:21:11,480 --> 01:21:13,675
<i>But as you can see,</i>

870
01:21:13,840 --> 01:21:17,276
<i>there are images after all,</i>
<i>which the Russians saw on TV</i>

871
01:21:17,360 --> 01:21:19,635
<i>and we can see what happened.</i>

872
01:21:19,720 --> 01:21:25,636
<i>The Elysée has explained to us</i>
<i>that Putin brought a private cameraman,</i>

873
01:21:25,720 --> 01:21:30,748
<i>and they also said the film</i>
<i>was meant for Putin's archive.</i>

874
01:21:30,840 --> 01:21:32,910
You know, France,

875
01:21:33,160 --> 01:21:37,278
among the elite, has always suffered
from the morbid influence

876
01:21:38,480 --> 01:21:41,517
of a Russian mirage.

877
01:21:41,600 --> 01:21:45,798
Later it was a Soviet mirage,
but it had been a Russian mirage.

878
01:21:45,880 --> 01:21:50,351
In the beginning, the French salons
of the 18th century

879
01:21:50,440 --> 01:21:53,876
were full of admiration for Catherine II

880
01:21:53,960 --> 01:21:56,679
and before that Peter the Great.

881
01:21:56,760 --> 01:22:02,596
Peter the Great was received by
the French Académie just like Putin now.

882
01:22:02,680 --> 01:22:07,117
Together with Bernard-Henry Lévy
and Philippe Sollers I wrote a petition

883
01:22:07,200 --> 01:22:09,077
to say it was shameful.

884
01:22:09,160 --> 01:22:12,470
But there is indeed a kind of

885
01:22:12,560 --> 01:22:18,032
innocent and inane admiration,
that is to say ignorant admiration,

886
01:22:18,320 --> 01:22:25,317
for a state that asserts itself as rational
and western in its appearance.

887
01:22:25,400 --> 01:22:27,231
So what about Chechnya?

888
01:22:27,320 --> 01:22:29,151
That's the scandal!

889
01:22:29,240 --> 01:22:31,754
But even Voltaire knew

890
01:22:31,840 --> 01:22:35,594
that Peter the Great
had killed his son under torture.

891
01:22:35,680 --> 01:22:40,754
But he tried to hide this fact.
There were also some

892
01:22:41,240 --> 01:22:45,074
partisans of Russia at the time
of the philosophers, like Diderot,

893
01:22:45,160 --> 01:22:51,030
but he went to see Russia and though
he could no longer protest openly,

894
01:22:51,120 --> 01:22:54,635
since he was paid by Catherine II,

895
01:22:54,720 --> 01:22:57,234
he left some papers in his drawer.

896
01:22:57,320 --> 01:23:01,916
When Catherine read them,
she was appalled. What did he write?

897
01:23:02,000 --> 01:23:10,157
He wrote, "The Russia of Catherine II
has rotted before it ripened."

898
01:23:10,240 --> 01:23:13,232
Instead of ripening, it has rotted.

899
01:23:14,000 --> 01:23:17,072
I'd say it's not just the leaders.

900
01:23:17,160 --> 01:23:22,553
There is something widespread,
a widespread malady that exists.

901
01:23:22,640 --> 01:23:27,589
When Hermann Broch,
the great Austrian writer,

902
01:23:27,680 --> 01:23:34,119
was asked in 1945, "So you think
all Germans were fascists, Nazis?"

903
01:23:34,200 --> 01:23:38,034
He said no. "So?"

904
01:23:38,120 --> 01:23:40,395
He said, "Listen,

905
01:23:40,480 --> 01:23:45,190
"there are Nazis, and then there are
those who let them come to power,

906
01:23:45,280 --> 01:23:48,158
"who stood by and let it happen."

907
01:23:48,240 --> 01:23:52,233
And that includes all Europeans,
without exception.

908
01:23:52,320 --> 01:23:55,995
There is, then, a crime of indifference

909
01:23:57,120 --> 01:24:00,112
that is even more fundamental,

910
01:24:00,200 --> 01:24:05,228
because it is the condition
that permits the Nazi crime.

911
01:24:05,320 --> 01:24:08,630
The Nazi crime itself
was committed by the Nazis

912
01:24:08,720 --> 01:24:11,439
and part of the population of Germany

913
01:24:11,520 --> 01:24:14,159
and also of Europe, but only a part.

914
01:24:14,240 --> 01:24:16,595
Yet the crime of indifference

915
01:24:16,680 --> 01:24:19,911
that first authorised the Nazis to take power,

916
01:24:20,000 --> 01:24:23,629
and later to wield it in the known way,

917
01:24:23,720 --> 01:24:26,632
that is a general crime

918
01:24:26,760 --> 01:24:30,992
committed by the Europeans,
the leaders and also the population.

919
01:24:31,080 --> 01:24:35,949
The crime of indifference
consists of closing one's eyes

920
01:24:36,040 --> 01:24:40,397
when criminal behaviour begins.

921
01:24:40,480 --> 01:24:43,313
Here lies my beloved.

922
01:24:43,400 --> 01:24:46,915
She was killed
in the 1999 bombing in Moscow.

923
01:24:47,120 --> 01:24:49,076
That was an act of terror.

924
01:24:50,240 --> 01:24:53,710
I swear to you that I will do
everything I can so that

925
01:24:53,800 --> 01:24:55,836
no more Russians will be killed

926
01:24:55,920 --> 01:24:58,275
by those terrorists from the Caucasus.

927
01:25:03,600 --> 01:25:05,716
Russians ahead!

928
01:25:11,920 --> 01:25:14,559
Death to the Reds!

929
01:25:15,920 --> 01:25:18,878
Kill the Jews, save Russia!

930
01:25:25,240 --> 01:25:28,038
Aim at the Jew, fire!

931
01:25:30,240 --> 01:25:31,719
Our time has come!

932
01:25:31,800 --> 01:25:34,360
Russia belongs to the Russians!

933
01:25:36,600 --> 01:25:38,079
Russia for the Russians!

934
01:25:38,160 --> 01:25:40,071
Hail, Russia!

935
01:25:55,320 --> 01:25:57,197
This is our city!

936
01:25:59,240 --> 01:26:00,798
(Kasparov) End this corrupt,

937
01:26:00,880 --> 01:26:06,352
criminal power that's only based
on fear, menace and lies!

938
01:26:11,480 --> 01:26:14,916
Russia without Putin!

939
01:26:15,000 --> 01:26:18,709
This is our city!

940
01:26:31,680 --> 01:26:35,593
How wonderful our Soviet people are!

941
01:26:46,200 --> 01:26:48,509
What are you doing?

942
01:27:04,200 --> 01:27:06,270
Murderers!

943
01:27:10,440 --> 01:27:11,759
Scum!

944
01:28:01,520 --> 01:28:05,399
<i>... this city is protecting me</i>

945
01:28:05,480 --> 01:28:08,233
<i>And, dear God,</i>

946
01:28:08,320 --> 01:28:12,677
<i>Don't ever let me hurt it</i>

947
01:29:50,120 --> 01:29:55,433
How can a normal person accept
that he was poisoned intentionally?

948
01:29:55,520 --> 01:29:57,875
In London, of all places!

949
01:29:59,120 --> 01:30:03,398
He knew very well
that he might be attacked.

950
01:30:03,480 --> 01:30:08,031
And he knew of the existence of hit lists,

951
01:30:08,120 --> 01:30:12,875
lists of people who were to be shot,
and he talked about it.

952
01:30:12,960 --> 01:30:19,195
But you can talk about it,
and still not accept it.

953
01:30:19,280 --> 01:30:23,114
And even though Anna Politkovskaya
had already been killed,

954
01:30:23,240 --> 01:30:26,596
he thought it could only happen
over there in Russia,

955
01:30:26,680 --> 01:30:29,353
not in England.

956
01:30:30,200 --> 01:30:35,228
That's why he was more worried
about others than about himself.

957
01:30:40,040 --> 01:30:41,553
On the second day,

958
01:30:41,640 --> 01:30:45,269
Sasha said, "Marina,
I was poisoned."

959
01:30:45,360 --> 01:30:48,909
And obviously,
like any mentally balanced person would,

960
01:30:49,000 --> 01:30:51,070
I resisted the idea at first.

961
01:30:51,160 --> 01:30:52,559
You didn't believe it.

962
01:30:52,640 --> 01:30:57,191
It's not that I didn't believe it,
Andrei, I just couldn't accept it.

963
01:30:57,280 --> 01:30:59,669
I couldn't accept it.

964
01:31:09,320 --> 01:31:12,153
And then we both were left guessing.

965
01:31:12,240 --> 01:31:14,356
A 50-50 chance? 60-40?

966
01:31:14,440 --> 01:31:18,035
We just tried to push that away from us,

967
01:31:18,120 --> 01:31:22,875
because if you accept
that you have been poisoned,

968
01:31:22,960 --> 01:31:27,238
you realise that something terrible
has happened.

969
01:31:27,320 --> 01:31:30,357
And you may not have the strength to fight it.

970
01:31:30,440 --> 01:31:33,716
If there's a chance it was something else,

971
01:31:33,800 --> 01:31:38,032
you might get strength from that...

972
01:31:40,120 --> 01:31:43,954
And even when we talked
to the doctors for the first time,

973
01:31:44,040 --> 01:31:47,350
on the fifth day or so,

974
01:31:48,560 --> 01:31:53,680
we did tell them that Sasha
wasn't an ordinary patient,

975
01:31:53,760 --> 01:31:57,036
that he had been granted political asylum,

976
01:31:57,120 --> 01:32:00,317
that there were people
who wanted to gag him,

977
01:32:00,400 --> 01:32:02,516
even by doing something like this.

978
01:32:02,600 --> 01:32:07,833
But we didn't claim to know anything
for certain, we were just asking,

979
01:32:07,920 --> 01:32:11,833
requesting them to check
to find out the truth.

980
01:32:11,920 --> 01:32:16,436
We didn't start screaming straight away,
"He's been poisoned!"

981
01:32:16,520 --> 01:32:17,873
It was too terrifying.

982
01:32:29,080 --> 01:32:33,551
Litvinenko was too small a fish.
He didn't really do any serious damage.

983
01:32:34,360 --> 01:32:36,794
<i>In early November, Litvinenko fell ill</i>

984
01:32:36,880 --> 01:32:40,589
<i>after a meeting with former FSB officers</i>
<i>Lugovoi and Kovtun.</i>

985
01:32:40,680 --> 01:32:43,274
<i>Lugovoi is now accused</i>

986
01:32:43,360 --> 01:32:46,875
<i>of having poisoned Litvinenko</i>
<i>by putting polonium 210 into his tea.</i>

987
01:32:46,960 --> 01:32:48,678
<i>He denies it.</i>

988
01:32:48,760 --> 01:32:54,392
When I saw our names in the press,
I said right away, "Here I am!

989
01:32:54,480 --> 01:32:57,677
"I am Andrei Lugovoi,
and I'm here in Moscow."

990
01:32:59,680 --> 01:33:02,558
We wrote a statement, we still have a copy.

991
01:33:02,640 --> 01:33:06,952
Two days later
they saw us at the British embassy.

992
01:33:07,040 --> 01:33:11,033
We handed them our statements,
in which we summarised

993
01:33:11,120 --> 01:33:16,990
the train of events and in which
we offered our total cooperation.

994
01:33:18,680 --> 01:33:21,956
And that was it. Nothing happened.

995
01:33:22,040 --> 01:33:24,918
Now we are sitting here in Moscow,

996
01:33:25,000 --> 01:33:27,514
waiting until anyone shows an interest.

997
01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:28,919
But no one does.

998
01:33:29,000 --> 01:33:34,472
That's why there's a question mark
over who is cooperating with whom.

999
01:33:34,560 --> 01:33:37,074
A big question mark.

1000
01:33:37,200 --> 01:33:40,988
It makes one wonder
about many other things,

1001
01:33:41,080 --> 01:33:46,632
about what did and what didn't happen
and whether anything really happened.

1002
01:33:51,480 --> 01:33:53,277
Polonium is...

1003
01:33:54,640 --> 01:33:58,110
a substance that emits alpha radiation.

1004
01:33:58,200 --> 01:34:01,351
Gamma and beta have a high velocity,
alpha a low one.

1005
01:34:01,440 --> 01:34:06,833
So when you get polonium on your hands,
your skin or on your clothes

1006
01:34:06,920 --> 01:34:09,673
its radiation cannot pass the skin.

1007
01:34:09,760 --> 01:34:15,915
That's why it can't do any harm,
because it can't get into the body.

1008
01:34:16,960 --> 01:34:21,351
And so, from that point of view,
polonium 210 is safe.

1009
01:34:21,440 --> 01:34:23,476
(Kovtun) Exactly.

1010
01:34:23,560 --> 01:34:27,235
Despite the fact that we have
a lot of experience in Russia,

1011
01:34:27,320 --> 01:34:30,790
after all, our country
is a major nuclear power,

1012
01:34:30,880 --> 01:34:34,429
there are no statistics about polonium.

1013
01:34:34,520 --> 01:34:36,192
It's still something exotic.

1014
01:34:36,280 --> 01:34:38,953
- Tea!
- Take this cup.

1015
01:34:41,520 --> 01:34:43,158
- Tea!
- Yes.

1016
01:34:43,240 --> 01:34:46,471
If you were to contaminate
its surface with polonium

1017
01:34:46,560 --> 01:34:48,357
and I were to pick it up,

1018
01:34:48,440 --> 01:34:51,273
I'd have polonium all over my hands.

1019
01:34:56,840 --> 01:34:59,798
- Would you like some tea?
- Oh no, thanks.

1020
01:35:16,440 --> 01:35:21,958
He had been baptised
in the Orthodox church

1021
01:35:22,040 --> 01:35:24,349
and he was a Christian all his life.

1022
01:35:24,440 --> 01:35:28,115
And only last year, he travelled to Israel

1023
01:35:28,200 --> 01:35:32,557
where he visited
the Church of the Holy Sepulchre

1024
01:35:32,640 --> 01:35:34,756
and all the holy sites at Easter.

1025
01:35:34,840 --> 01:35:40,153
He was really, really inspired by all that.

1026
01:35:41,440 --> 01:35:46,070
And what happened was not illogical.

1027
01:35:47,680 --> 01:35:51,559
He came to embrace
another religion, Islam.

1028
01:35:51,640 --> 01:35:55,315
And I don't want to juxtapose the two beliefs,

1029
01:35:55,400 --> 01:35:58,119
because they didn't contradict each other,

1030
01:35:58,200 --> 01:36:00,475
it was just a second revelation.

1031
01:36:02,800 --> 01:36:06,190
And it was something that millions, billions,

1032
01:36:06,280 --> 01:36:08,874
I don't know how many believe.

1033
01:36:23,920 --> 01:36:27,549
Originally Muslims didn't oppose
other monotheistic religions.

1034
01:36:27,640 --> 01:36:31,349
They even insisted on solidarity
with Jewish and Christian believers.

1035
01:36:31,440 --> 01:36:36,116
Right, they do not oppose them,
many Muslims told me so.

1036
01:36:37,120 --> 01:36:40,078
So there is no conflict there.

1037
01:36:40,160 --> 01:36:44,199
No. As for those who accuse him
of betraying his faith,

1038
01:36:44,480 --> 01:36:47,711
these people have
no faith themselves, I think.

1039
01:36:48,760 --> 01:36:52,719
They're just trying
to set people against each other.

1040
01:36:53,840 --> 01:36:56,752
They don't want people to unite.

1041
01:36:56,840 --> 01:36:58,990
But Sasha did.

1042
01:37:01,280 --> 01:37:03,919
Sasha opened his eyes.

1043
01:37:05,080 --> 01:37:08,072
"Papa, sit down," he said.

1044
01:37:08,160 --> 01:37:10,071
I sat down.

1045
01:37:14,360 --> 01:37:15,793
"Papa,

1046
01:37:16,800 --> 01:37:18,995
"I have to tell you something important."

1047
01:37:19,080 --> 01:37:21,833
He was already in such a grave state,

1048
01:37:21,920 --> 01:37:25,799
but he suddenly brightened up and said,

1049
01:37:25,880 --> 01:37:30,112
"I have to tell you something important.
I've become a Muslim."

1050
01:37:30,200 --> 01:37:31,633
I just sat there.

1051
01:37:31,720 --> 01:37:35,315
I'd brought two little icons
from home to give to him.

1052
01:37:35,400 --> 01:37:37,118
Here they are.

1053
01:37:40,200 --> 01:37:42,714
- You brought them from home?
- Yes.

1054
01:37:42,800 --> 01:37:46,839
My sister wanted me to give them
to Sasha...

1055
01:37:54,240 --> 01:37:59,155
God is one and the same, isn't He?

1056
01:38:00,120 --> 01:38:04,318
That's why I think
it was Sasha's mission on earth

1057
01:38:04,400 --> 01:38:07,073
to reconcile the Christians and the Muslims,

1058
01:38:07,160 --> 01:38:12,792
and to expose this cruel and terrorist regime

1059
01:38:12,880 --> 01:38:16,589
of Putin and his FSB helpers.

1060
01:39:48,080 --> 01:39:51,993
Mr Litvinenko is, unfortunately, not Lazarus.

1061
01:39:53,160 --> 01:39:54,798
And it is regrettable

1062
01:39:54,880 --> 01:39:58,429
that such a tragic event
as the death of a person

1063
01:39:58,520 --> 01:40:01,751
is being used for political provocations.

1064
01:40:01,840 --> 01:40:06,072
What political provocations?
What are you talking about?

1065
01:40:08,520 --> 01:40:11,432
Just tell me one thing, please.

1066
01:40:11,520 --> 01:40:14,830
Where did the polonium 210 come from?

1067
01:40:15,880 --> 01:40:17,711
That's all.